When Is Petra on Pbs to Be Aired Again

Aboriginal historical site in Jordan

This commodity is about the ancient Jordanian urban center of Petra. For other uses, see Petra (disambiguation).

Petra 𐢛𐢚𐢓𐢈
From top left to right: the Urn Tombs, en-Nejr theatre, Al-Khazneh (Treasury), Qasr al-Bint temple and view of Ad Deir (Monastery) trail.
Location	Ma'an Governorate, Jordan
Coordinates	30°19′43″N 35°26′31″E  /  30.32861°N 35.44194°E  / 30.32861; 35.44194 Coordinates: 30°19′43″N 35°26′31″E  /  thirty.32861°N 35.44194°E  / 30.32861; 35.44194
Area	264 kmii (102 sq mi)[1]
Acme	810 thou (2,657 ft)
Built	Perhaps every bit early equally the 5th century BC[two]
Visitors	ane,135,300 (in 2019)
Governing torso	Petra Region Authority
Website	www.visitpetra.jo
Location of Petra 𐢛𐢚𐢓𐢈 in Hashemite kingdom of jordan
UNESCO Earth Heritage Site
Criteria	Cultural: i, three, iv
Reference	326
Inscription	1985 (ninth Session)

Petra (Arabic: ٱلْبَتْرَاء, romanized: Al-Batrāʾ ; Ancient Greek: Πέτρα, "Rock"), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu or Raqēmō ^{[iii] [4]} is a historic and archaeological urban center in southern Jordan. Information technology is adjacent to the mountain of Jabal Al-Madbah, in a basin surrounded by mountains forming the eastern flank of the Arabah valley running from the Dead Ocean to the Gulf of Aqaba.^[5] The area around Petra has been inhabited from as early as 7000 BC,^[6] and the Nabataeans might accept settled in what would go the capital city of their kingdom equally early as the 4th century BC.^[7] Archaeological work has only discovered prove of Nabataean presence dating dorsum to the 2d century BC,^[viii] by which fourth dimension Petra had go their capital.^[6] The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who invested in Petra's proximity to the incense trade routes by establishing information technology as a major regional trading hub.^{[six] [9]}

The trading business gained the Nabataeans considerable revenue and Petra became the focus of their wealth. The Nabataeans were accustomed to living in the barren deserts, unlike their enemies, and were able to repel attacks by taking advantage of the area's mountainous terrain. They were particularly skillful in harvesting rainwater, agriculture and stone carving. Petra flourished in the 1st century AD, when its famous Al-Khazneh construction – believed to be the mausoleum of Nabataean king Aretas Iv – was constructed, and its population peaked at an estimated xx,000 inhabitants.^[ten]

Although the Nabataean kingdom became a client state of the Roman Empire in the outset century BC, it was only in 106 AD that it lost its independence. Petra fell to the Romans, who annexed Nabataea and renamed information technology equally Arabia Petraea.^[11] Petra'due south importance declined as sea trade routes emerged, and after an earthquake in 363 destroyed many structures. In the Byzantine era several Christian churches were congenital, just the urban center connected to decline, and by the early on Islamic era it was abased except for a handful of nomads. It remained unknown until it was rediscovered in 1812 by Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.^[12]

Access to the city is through a 1.two-kilometre-long ( 3⁄four  mi) gorge called the Siq, which leads direct to the Khazneh. Famous for its rock-cutting architecture and h2o conduit organization, Petra is as well called the "Red Rose Metropolis" considering of the colour of the stone from which it is carved.^[13] It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. UNESCO has described Petra as "1 of the about precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage".^[14] In 2007, Al-Khazneh was voted one of the New 7 Wonders of the World.^[fifteen] Petra is a symbol of Jordan, besides as Jordan'due south almost-visited tourist attraction. Tourist numbers peaked at 1.1 million tourists in 2019, marking the first time that the effigy rose higher up the 1 one thousand thousand mark.^[16] Tourism in the city was bedridden past the COVID-19 pandemic, but soon later on started to pick upward once again, reaching 260,000 visitors in 2021.^[17]

Importance in antiquity [edit]

Pliny the Elder and other writers identify Petra equally the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom and the centre of their caravan merchandise. Enclosed by towering rocks and watered by a perennial stream, Petra non only possessed the advantages of a fortress, simply controlled the main commercial routes which passed through information technology to Gaza in the west, to Bosra and Damascus in the north, to Aqaba and Leuce Come on the Red Sea, and across the desert to the Persian Gulf.^[5]

Description [edit]

Water control [edit]

Excavations accept demonstrated that it was the power of the Nabataeans to control the h2o supply that led to the rise of the desert city, creating an artificial oasis. The surface area is visited past wink floods, but archaeological evidence shows that the Nabataeans controlled these floods by the use of dams, cisterns and h2o conduits. These innovations stored water for prolonged periods of drought and enabled the city to prosper from its auction.^{[18] [19]}

Access routes [edit]

The narrow passage (Siq) that leads to Petra

In aboriginal times, Petra might have been approached from the south on a track leading beyond the plain of Petra, around Jabal Haroun ("Aaron'southward Mountain"), the location of the Tomb of Aaron, said to exist the burial identify of Aaron, brother of Moses. Another arroyo was possibly from the loftier plateau to the north. Today, most modern visitors approach the site from the east. The impressive eastern archway leads steeply downwards through a dark, narrow gorge, in places but 3–four m (10–thirteen ft) wide, called the Siq ("shaft"), a natural geological feature formed from a deep split in the sandstone rocks and serving every bit a waterway flowing into Wadi Musa.^[xx]

Hellenistic compages [edit]

One of the main things that Petra is known for is its Hellenistic compages. The facades of the tombs in Petra display this type of compages and it besides grants reflection on the different types of cultures that the Nabataens traded with. Almost of these contain small burials and niches that are carved into the stone.^[21]

Perhaps a more prominent resemblance to the Hellenistic style comes with its Treasury, which is 24 meters (79 ft) broad and 37 meters (121 ft) tall and gives reference to the architecture of Alexandria.^[22] The facade of the Treasury features a cleaved pediment with a central tholos inside, and two obelisks appear to form into the rock at the top. Near the bottom of the Treasury at that place are twin Greek gods Brush and Pollux, who protect travellers on their journeys. About the meridian of the Treasury, 2 victories are seen continuing on each side of a female figure on the tholos. This female person figure is believed to be the Isis-Tyche, Isis being the Egyptian goddess and Tyche being the Greek goddess of practiced fortune.^[21]

Another prime example of the Hellenistic compages featured in Petra is in its Monastery, which stands at 45 meters (148 ft) tall and 50 meters (160 ft) wide, this is Petra's largest monument and is another building carved into the rocks of Petra. The facade of this again features a broken pediment, similar to the Treasury, besides as another central tholos. The Monastery displays more Nabataen touch while at the aforementioned time incorporating elements from Greek architecture.^[21] Its but source of light is its entrance standing at eight meters (26 ft) high. There is a large space outside of the Monastery, which is purposefully flattened for worship purposes. Formerly, in the Byzantine period, this was a place for Christian worship, but is now is a holy sight for pilgrims to visit.

City centre [edit]

At the end of the narrow gorge, the Siq, stands Petra's most elaborate ruin, popularly known every bit Al-Khazneh ("the Treasury"), hewn into the sandstone cliff. While remaining in remarkably preserved condition, the confront of the structure is marked by hundreds of bullet holes made by the local Bedouin tribes that hoped to dislodge riches that were once rumoured to be hidden within it.^[20] A little farther from the Treasury, at the foot of the mountain called en-Nejr, is a massive theatre, positioned then as to bring the greatest number of tombs within view. At the point where the valley opens out into the plain, the site of the city is revealed with striking effect. The theatre was cut into the hillside and into several of the tombs during its construction. Rectangular gaps in the seating are even so visible. Almost enclosing it on three sides are rose-coloured mount walls, divided into groups past deep fissures and lined with knobs cutting from the rock in the class of towers.^[five] The theatre was said to concur effectually 8,500 people.^[23] The performances that audiences were able to attend here were poetry readings and dramas. Gladiator fights were also said to be held hither and attracted the most audience, although no gladiator was able to gain any momentum or fame due to the heavy mortality charge per unit that came with it. The theatre was one of many structures in Petra that took significant damage due to the 363 Galilee earthquake.^[23]

The Petra Puddle and Garden Complex is a serial of structures inside the city center. Originally said to be a market place area,^[24] excavations at the site have immune scholars to identify it equally an elaborate Nabataean garden, which included a big swimming pool, an island-pavilion, and an intricate hydraulic arrangement.^{[25] [26] [27]}

Alee of the Petra Pool and Garden Circuitous, lies Colonnaded street, which is amongst few artifacts of Petra that was constructed rather than natural. This street used to hold a semi-circumvolve nymphaeum, which is at present in ruins due to flash flooding, and used to hold Petra's only tree. This was intended to be a symbol for the peaceful atmosphere that the Nabataens were able to construct in Petra. Once the Romans took control of the city, Colonnaded street was narrowed to make room for a side walk, and 72 columns were added to each side.^[28]

The High Place of Sacrifice [edit]

The Loftier Place of Sacrifice is located at the pinnacle of Jebel Madbah Mountain.^[29] The starting time of the hike is nigh Petra'south famous theatre. From at that place, the site of The Loftier Place of Cede is effectually an 800 step hike. One commonly believed sacrifice that took place hither were libations. Some other common form of sacrifice that took place here was animal sacrifice; this is due to the conventionalities that the tomb of the Prophet Aaron is located in Petra, which is a sacred site for Muslims. In laurels of this, a caprine animal was sacrificed annually. At that place is too a biblical passage taking identify here^{[citation needed]} in which Prophet Abraham sacrificed his son in honor of God, but he was said to be saved past an Angel. Other rituals also took place here ,including the smoking of frankincense.^[30]

Royal Tombs [edit]

The Royal Tombs of Petra embody the unique artistry of the Nabateans while too giving display to Hellenistic architecture, merely the façades of these tombs have worn due to natural decay. One of these tombs, the Palace Tomb, is speculated to be the tomb for the kings of Petra. The Corinthian Tomb, which is right next to the Palace Tomb, has the same Hellenistic architecture featured on the Treasury. The two other Purple Tombs are the Silk Tomb and the Urn Tomb; the Silk Tomb does non stand out as much every bit the Urn Tomb. The Urn Tomb features a big yard in its front, and was turned into a church subsequently the expansion of Christianity in 446 AD.^[31]

Exterior platform [edit]

In 2016, archaeologists using satellite imagery and drones discovered a very large, previously unknown monumental structure whose ancestry were tentatively dated to about 150 BC, the time when the Nabataeans initiated their public building programme. It is located outside the main surface area of the metropolis, at the foot of Jabal an-Nmayr and almost 0.5 mi (0.8 km) south of the city eye, but is facing e, not towards the city, and has no visible human relationship to it. The structure consists of a huge, 184 by 161 ft (56 by 49 k) platform, with a awe-inspiring staircase along its eastern side. The big platform enclosed a slightly smaller one, topped with a comparatively small building, 28 past 28 ft (eight.v by 8.5 g), which was facing east toward the staircase. The structure, 2d in size only to the Monastery complex, probably had a ceremonial function of which non even a speculative explanation has however been offered by the researchers.^{[32] [33] [34]}

Climate [edit]

In Petra, at that place is a semi-arid climate. Most rain falls in the wintertime. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is BSk. The average annual temperature in Petra is xv.five °C (59.9 °F). Near 193 mm (7.60 in) of precipitation falls annually.

Climate information for Petra
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	November	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	11.0 (51.eight)	xiii.1 (55.half dozen)	16.6 (61.9)	twenty.ix (69.half-dozen)	25.one (77.2)	28.six (83.five)	29.8 (85.vi)	30.0 (86.0)	28.ane (82.half-dozen)	24.6 (76.three)	18.2 (64.8)	thirteen.4 (56.i)	21.6 (70.9)
Boilerplate depression °C (°F)	2.2 (36.0)	two.8 (37.0)	5.half-dozen (42.1)	viii.vii (47.seven)	eleven.7 (53.1)	14.ane (57.4)	16.1 (61.0)	16.5 (61.7)	xiv.two (57.6)	11.2 (52.two)	7.1 (44.8)	3.4 (38.i)	9.5 (49.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	45 (i.8)	38 (i.five)	36 (one.4)	12 (0.v)	four (0.two)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (0.1)	fifteen (0.half-dozen)	41 (1.6)	193 (seven.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org, Climate data

History [edit]

Neolithic [edit]

By 7000 BCE, some of the earliest recorded farmers had settled in Beidha, a Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement just n of Petra.^[6]

Statuary Age [edit]

Petra is listed in Egyptian campaign accounts and the Amarna messages as Pel, Sela or Seir.^{[ citation needed ]}

Iron Age Edom [edit]

The Atomic number 26 Historic period lasted betwixt 1200 and 600 BC, in that time, the Petra area was occupied by the Edomites. This came when the Edomites rebelled after the death of King Solomon in 928 B.C. when Israel split into ii kingdoms for Israel to exist in the North and Judah in the southward. The Edomites were known as descendents of Esau and this was referenced in the Old Attestation of the bible.^[35] The configuration of mountains in Petra allowed for a reservoir of water for the Edomites. This fabricated Petra a stopping ground for Merchants, making it an outstanding area for trade. Things that were traded here included wines, olive oil and woods.

Initially, the Edomites were accompanied by Nomads who somewhen left, but the Edomites stayed and fabricated their mark on Petra before the emergence of the Nabataens. They were then engaged in battle with Male monarch Amaziah of Judah and chased back into their ain lands. Information technology is said that 10,000 men were thrown off of the mountain Umm el-Biyara. This story has been debated by scholars, as information technology is in so-chosen biblical times.^[36]

The Edomite site excavated at the elevation of the Umm el-Biyara mountain at Petra was established no earlier than the seventh century BCE (Fe Ii).^[37]

The emergence of Petra [edit]

The Nabataeans were one among several nomadic Bedouin tribes that roamed the Arabian Desert and moved with their herds to wherever they could find pasture and water.^[vii] Although the Nabataeans were initially embedded in Aramaic culture, theories about them having Aramean roots are rejected past many modernistic scholars. Instead, archaeological, religious and linguistic testify confirm that they are a northern Arabian tribe.^[38] Electric current evidence suggests that the Nabataean name for Petra was Raqēmō, variously spelled in inscriptions every bit rqmw or rqm.^[iv]

Petra as "Rekem" [edit]

Historian Josephus (ca. 37–100) writes that the region was inhabited by the Midianites during the time of Moses, and that they were ruled by 5 kings, one of whom was Rekem. Josephus mentions that the city, called Petra by the Greeks, "ranks highest in the land of the Arabs" and was still called Rekeme past all the Arabs of his fourth dimension, after its imperial founder (Antiquities iv. 7, 1; 4, seven).^[39]

The Rekem Inscription earlier it was buried by the span abutments

The name 'Rekem' (rqm) was inscribed in the rock wall of the Wadi Musa opposite the entrance to the Siq.^[40] All the same, Jordan built a bridge over the wadi and this inscription was cached beneath tons of physical.^[41]

Petra as "Sela" [edit]

An erstwhile theory held that Petra might exist identified with a identify called sela in the Hebrew Bible. Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) states that the Semitic proper noun of the metropolis, if not Sela, would remain unknown. It still cautioned that sela but means "rock" in Hebrew, and thence might not be identified with a urban center where it occurs in the biblical text.^[v]

The passage in Diodorus Siculus (xix. 94–97) which describes the expeditions which Antigonus sent against the Nabataeans in 312 BCE, was understood by some researchers – and not so past others – to throw some lite upon the history of Petra, but the "petra" (Greek for stone) referred to as a natural fortress and place of refuge cannot be a name, and the description implies that there was no town in existence there at the time.^{[v] [42]}

Roman period [edit]

Roman statuary coin of Geta showing the Petra temple with statue of Tyche

In Ad 106, when Cornelius Palma was governor of Syria, the office of Arabia under the rule of Petra was absorbed into the Roman Empire as role of Arabia Petraea, and Petra became its capital.^[43] The native dynasty came to an terminate only the urban center connected to flourish nether Roman rule. It was around this time that the Petra Roman Route was built. A century later, in the fourth dimension of Alexander Severus, when the metropolis was at the height of its splendor, the result of coinage came to an end. There was no more building of sumptuous tombs, owing apparently to some sudden catastrophe, such as an invasion past the neo-Farsi power nether the Sassanid Empire.^[5]

Meanwhile, as Palmyra (fl. 130–270) grew in importance and attracted the Arabian trade abroad from Petra, the latter declined. It appears, notwithstanding, to have lingered on as a religious centre. Another Roman route was constructed at the site. Epiphanius of Salamis (c.315–403) writes that in his time a feast was held at that place on December 25 in accolade of the virgin Khaabou (Chaabou) and her offspring Dushara.^[v] Dushara and al-Uzza were two of the main deities of the metropolis, which otherwise included many idols from other Nabataean deities such equally Allat and Manat.^[44]

Betwixt 111 and 114 Trajan built the Via Traiana Nova, running from the Syrian edge to the Crimson Sea through Petra. This road followed the one-time routes of Nabataean caravans. In the shadow of the Pax Romana, this route revived trade between Arabia, Syrian arab republic, and Mediterranean harbors. In 125 Advertising, ane of Emperor Hadrian's administrators left marks^{[ dubious – discuss ]} in Petra, pointed out by documents establish at the Dead Sea. In 130 AD, Hadrian visited the former Nabataean capital, giving it the name of Hadriānī Petra Urban center, imprinted on his coins. His visit, however, did not atomic number 82 to any blast in architectural development and new buildings equally it did in Jerash. The province'southward governor, Sextius Florentinus, erected a monumental mausoleum for his son nearly the finish of the al-Hubta (King's Wall) tombs, which had been generally reserved during the Nabataean period for the royal family.

The interest that Roman emperors showed for the metropolis in the tertiary century suggests that Petra and its environs remained highly esteemed for a long fourth dimension. An inscription to Liber Pater, a god revered by Emperor Septimius Severus, was constitute in the temenos of the temple known equally Qasr al-Bint, and Nabataean tombs independent silver coins with the emperor's portrait, as well equally pottery from his reign. Emperor Elagabalus declared Petra to be a Roman colony, when he reorganised the Roman Empire towards the end of the 3rd century.^[45] The expanse from Petra to Wadi Mujib, the Negev, and the Sinai Peninsula were annexed into the province of Palaestina Salutaris. Petra may be seen on the Madaba mosaic map from the reign of Emperor Justinian.

Byzantine menstruum [edit]

Petra declined rapidly under Roman rule, in large part from the revision of sea-based merchandise routes. In 363, an earthquake destroyed many buildings and crippled the vital h2o management system.^[46] The one-time city of Petra was the uppercase of the Byzantine province of Palaestina III and many churches from the Byzantine period were excavated in and around Petra. In one of them, the Byzantine Church, 140 papyri were discovered, which contained mainly contracts dated from 530s to 590s, establishing that the city was still flourishing in the sixth century.^[47] The Byzantine Church is a prime example of monumental architecture in Byzantine Petra.

The final reference to Byzantine Petra comes from the Spiritual Meadow of John Moschus, written in the beginning decades of the 7th century. He gives an anecdote almost its bishop, Athenogenes. It ceased to be a metropolitan bishopric former before 687, when that function had been transferred to Areopolis. Petra is not mentioned in the narratives of the Muslim conquest of the Levant, nor does it appear in whatever early Islamic records.^[48]

Crusaders and Mamluks [edit]

In the twelfth century, the Crusaders built fortresses such as the Alwaeira Castle, merely were forced to abandon Petra later on a while. As a result, the location of Petra was lost until the 19th century.^{[49] [fifty]}

2 further Crusader-period castles are known in and effectually Petra: the starting time is al-Wu'ayra, situated just n of Wadi Musa. Information technology can be viewed from the road to Little Petra. It is the castle which was seized by a band of Turks with the help of local Muslims and just recovered by the Crusaders after they began to destroy the olive copse of Wadi Musa. The potential loss of livelihood led the locals to negotiate surrender. The 2d is on the peak of el-Habis, in the heart of Petra, and tin be accessed from the W side of the Qasr al-Bint.

The ruins of Petra were an object of marvel during the Heart Ages and were visited by Baibars, i of the first Mamluk sultans of Egypt, towards the end of the 13th century.^[v]

19th and 20th centuries [edit]

View of the Royal Tombs in Petra

The first European to describe them was Swiss traveller Johann Ludwig Burckhardt during his travels in 1812.^{[v] [51]} At that time, the Greek Church building of Jerusalem operated a diocese in Al Karak named Battra (باطره in Arabic, and Πέτρας in Greek) and information technology was the opinion among the clergy of Jerusalem that Kerak was the ancient city of Petra.^[51]

Burckhardt already spoke Arabic fluently, and was on his style to explore the Niger River when he heard whispers of a dead metropolis that withheld^{[ clarification needed ]} Prophet Aaron'due south Tomb. He and so became fascinated with finding the metropolis. He then dressed himself upwardly as a local, and only spoke in Arabic, bringing a goat with him with the intent of sacrificing information technology in honor of Aaron's Tomb. Subsequently one twenty-four hour period of exploring, he was convinced that he had institute the lost city of Petra.^[52]

Léon de Laborde and Louis-Maurice-Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds made the offset accurate drawings of Petra in 1828.^[53] The Scottish painter David Roberts visited Petra in 1839 and returned to England with sketches and stories of the encounter with local tribes, published in The Holy Land, Syrian arab republic, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia. Frederic Edwin Church, the leading American landscape painter of the 19th century, visited Petra in 1868, and the resulting painting El Khasné, Petra is amongst his well-nigh important and well-documented.^[53] Missionary Archibald Forder published photographs of Petra in the December 1909 effect of National Geographic.

Petra Siq in 1947 (left) compared with the same location in 2013

Because the structures weakened with historic period, many of the tombs became vulnerable to thieves, and many treasures were stolen. In 1929, a iv-person team consisting of British archaeologists Agnes Conway and George Horsfield, Palestinian dr. and folklore expert Dr Tawfiq Canaan and Dr Ditlef Nielsen, a Danish scholar, excavated and surveyed Petra.^[54]

The archaeologist Philip Hammond from the University of Utah visited Petra for about twoscore years. He explained that the local folklore says it was created by the wand of Moses, when he struck the rock to bring forth water for the Israelites. Hammond believed the carved channels deep within the walls and ground were made from ceramic pipes that once fed water for the city, from rock-cut systems on the canyon rim.^[55]

Numerous scrolls in Greek and dating to the Byzantine flow were discovered in an excavated church near the Temple of the Winged Lions in Petra in December 1993.^[56]

Religion [edit]

The Nabataeans worshipped Arab gods and goddesses during the pre-Islamic era as well as a few of their deified kings. One, Obodas I, was deified afterward his death. Dushara was the primary male god accompanied by his three female deities: Al-'Uzzā, Allat and Manāt. Many statues carved in the rock draw these gods and goddesses. New evidence indicates that broader Edomite, and Nabataean theology had stiff links to Earth-Dominicus relationships, ofttimes manifested in the orientation of prominent Petra structures to equinox and solstice sunrises and sunsets.^[57]

A stele dedicated to Qos-Allah 'Qos is Allah' or 'Qos the god', by Qosmilk (melech – king) is found at Petra (Glueck 516). Qos is identifiable with Kaush (Qaush) the God of the older Edomites. The stele is horned and the seal from the Edomite Tawilan nigh Petra identified with Kaush displays a star and crescent (Browning 28), both consistent with a moon deity. Information technology is conceivable that the latter could accept resulted from merchandise with Harran (Bartlett 194). In that location is continuing debate about the nature of Qos (qaus – bow) who has been identified both with a hunting bow (hunting god) and a rainbow (weather god) although the crescent above the stele is also a bow.^{[ citation needed ]}

Nabataean inscriptions in Sinai and other places display widespread references to names including Allah, El and Allat (god and goddess), with regional references to al-Uzza, Baal and Manutu (Manat) (Negev 11). Allat is also found in Sinai in South Arabian language. Allah occurs peculiarly every bit Garm-'allahi – god decided (Greek Garamelos) and Aush-allahi – "gods covenant" (Greek Ausallos). Nosotros find both Shalm-lahi "Allah is peace" and Shalm-allat, "the peace of the goddess". We likewise notice Amat-allahi "she-servant of god" and Halaf-llahi "the successor of Allah".^[58]

Recently, Petra has been put forward as the original "Mecca" by some in the revisionist school of Islamic studies, owing to claims of big numbers of independent pieces of show,^{[ citation needed ]} namely that the early on original mosques faced Petra, not Jerusalem or Mecca, as the direction of Muslim prayer, the Qibla.^[59] Nevertheless, others have challenged the notion of comparison mod readings of Qiblah directions to early mosques' Qiblahs as they claim early Muslims could not accurately summate the direction of the Qiblah to Mecca and then the credible pinpointing of Petra by some early on mosques may well exist coincidental.^[60] Petra (Raqēmō) does receive mention in the Qur'an in the Surah al-Kahf as الرقيم al-Raqīm.^[4]

The Monastery, Petra's largest monument, dates from the 1st century BC. It was defended to Obodas I and is believed to be the symposium of Obodas the god. This information is inscribed on the ruins of the Monastery (the proper name is the translation of the Arabic Advert Deir).^{[ citation needed ]}

The Temple of the Winged Lions is a big temple circuitous dated to the reign of King Aretas Four (9 BCE–40 CE). The temple is located in Petra's so-called Sacred Quarter, an area situated at the end of Petra's main Colonnaded Street consisting of two majestic temples, the Qasr al-Bint and, opposite, the Temple of the Winged Lions on the northern bank of Wadi Musa.

Christianity found its style to Petra in the 4th century AD, virtually 500 years subsequently the establishment of Petra as a trade center. The start of Christianity in Petra started primarily in 330 Advert when the first Christiain Emperor of Rome took over, Constantine I, otherwise known equally Constantine The Bang-up. He began the initial spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. Athanasius mentions a bishop of Petra (Anhioch. 10) named Asterius. At to the lowest degree 1 of the tombs (the "tomb with the urn"?) was used every bit a church. An inscription in red paint records its consecration "in the fourth dimension of the almost holy bishop Jason" (447). After the Islamic conquest of 629–632, Christianity in Petra, as of most of Arabia, gave style to Islam. During the First Crusade Petra was occupied past Baldwin I of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and formed the 2nd fief of the barony of Al Karak (in the lordship of Oultrejordain) with the title Château de la Valée de Moyse or Sela. It remained in the easily of the Franks until 1189.^[5] Information technology is still a titular come across of the Cosmic Church building.^[61]

Co-ordinate to Arab tradition, Petra is the spot where Musa (Moses) struck a rock with his staff and water came along, and where Moses' brother, Harun (Aaron), is cached, at Mount Hor, known today as Jabal Haroun or Mount Aaron. The Wadi Musa or "Wadi of Moses" is the Arab name for the narrow valley at the head of which Petra is sited. A mountaintop shrine of Moses' sister Miriam was nonetheless shown to pilgrims at the time of Jerome in the 4th century, only its location has not been identified since.^[62]

UNESCO list of aboriginal Petra and Bedouin heritage [edit]

The Bidoul/Bidul (Petra Bedouin) were forcibly resettled from their cave dwellings in Petra to Umm Sayhoun/Um Seihun by the Jordanian government in 1985, prior to the UNESCO designation process.^{[ citation needed ]} They were provided with cake-built housing with some infrastructure including in item a sewage and drainage system. Amid the vi communities in the Petra Region, Umm Sayhoun is i of the smaller communities. The village of Wadi Musa is the largest in the surface area, inhabited largely by the Layathnah Bedouin, and is now the closest settlement to the visitor heart, the primary entrance via the Siq and the archaeological site generally. Umm Sayhoun gives access to the 'back road' into the site, the Wadi Turkmaniyeh pedestrian road.^[63]

On December half dozen, 1985, Petra was designated a World Heritage Site. In a popular poll in 2007, it was besides named i of the New7Wonders of the World. The Petra Archaeological Park (PAP) became an autonomous legal entity over the management of this site in August 2007.^[64]

The Bidouls belong to one of the Bedouin tribes whose cultural heritage and traditional skills were proclaimed by UNESCO on the Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2005 and inscribed^[65] in 2008.

In 2011, post-obit an 11-calendar month project planning stage, the Petra Evolution and Tourism Region Dominance in association with DesignWorkshop and JCP due south.r.l published a Strategic Chief Programme that guides planned development of the Petra Region. This is intended to guide planned development of the Petra Region in an efficient, balanced and sustainable style over the next xx years for the do good of the local population and of Hashemite kingdom of jordan in general. Every bit part of this, a Strategic Plan was developed for Umm Sayhoun and surrounding areas.^[66]

The process of developing the Strategic Programme considered the expanse's needs from five points of view:

• a socio-economic perspective
• the perspective of Petra Archaeological Park
• the perspective of Petra'south tourism product
• a land use perspective
• an ecology perspective

Issues [edit]

The site suffers from a host of threats, including collapse of ancient structures, erosion from flooding and improper rainwater drainage, weathering from common salt upwelling,^[67] improper restoration of ancient structures and unsustainable tourism.^[68] The last has increased essentially, especially since the site received widespread media coverage in 2007 during the New7Wonders of the World Internet and cellphone campaign.^[69]

In an attempt to reduce the bear upon of these threats, the Petra National Trust (PNT) was established in 1989. Information technology has worked with numerous local and international organisations on projects that promote the protection, conservation, and preservation of the Petra site.^[70] Moreover, UNESCO and ICOMOS recently collaborated to publish their start book on man and natural threats to the sensitive World Heritage sites. They chose Petra equally its offset and the most important example of threatened landscapes. The presentation Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra: Driver to Development or Destruction? (2012) was the first in a series to address the very nature of these deteriorating buildings, cities, sites, and regions.^[71]

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) released a video in 2018 highlighting abuse against working animals in Petra. PETA claimed that animals are forced to behave tourists or pull carriages every day. The video showed handlers beating and whipping working animals, with beatings intensifying when animals faltered. PETA also revealed some wounded animals, including camels with fly-infested, open wounds.^[72] The Jordanian potency running the site responded by proposing a veterinarian clinic, and past spreading sensation among animal handlers.^[73] In 2020, more video released by PETA indicated that conditions for the animals had non improved, and in 2021, the system was running what appeared to be the only veterinary clinic in the area.^{[74] [75]}

Tombs in the southern part of the urban center

Conservation [edit]

Petra is a site at the intersection of natural and cultural heritage forming a unique cultural landscape. E'er since Johann Ludwig Burckhardt^[76] aka Sheikh Ibrahim had re-discovered the ruin metropolis in Petra, Hashemite kingdom of jordan, in 1812, the cultural heritage site has attracted unlike people who shared an interest in the ancient history and culture of the Nabataeans such as travellers, pilgrims, painters and savants.^[77] However, information technology was not until the tardily 19th century that the ruins were systematically approached by archaeological researchers.^[78] Since then regular archaeological excavations^[79] and ongoing research on the Nabataean civilisation have been part of today'southward UNESCO globe cultural heritage site Petra.^[eighty] Through the excavations in the Petra Archaeological Park an increasing number of Nabataean cultural heritage is being exposed to ecology impact. A key issue is the direction of water impacting the congenital heritage and the rock hewn facades.^[81] The large number of discoveries and the exposure of structures and findings demand conservation measures respecting the interlinkage between the natural mural and cultural heritage, as specially this connection is a central challenge at the UNECSO Earth Heritage Site.^[82]

Conservation of cultural heritage [edit]

In recent years different conservation campaigns and projects were established at the cultural heritage site of Petra.^[83] The main works first focussed on the entrance situation of the Siq to protect tourists and to facilitate access. Also, dissimilar projects for conservation and conservation inquiry were conducted. Following is a list of projects, to exist continued.

• 1958 Restoration of the third colonnade of the Treasury building (Al-Khazneh). This project was funded past the United States Bureau for International Development (USAID)
• 1974–1990 Conservation work in the excavated expanse of the Winged Lions Temple
• 1981 Dissimilar restoration works by the Department of Antiquities of Jordan^[84]
• 1985 Restoration works at the Qasr El Bint Temple by the Department of Antiquities of Hashemite kingdom of jordan^[85]
• 1990–1998 Excavation and Conservation of the Byzantine Church by the American Center of Oriental Research (ACOR)
• 1992–2002 Conservation and Restoration Heart in Petra CARCIP, German GTZ Project.^[82]
• 1993–2000 Earthworks, conservation and restoration of the Great Temple, funded past the Dark-brown University, The states.^[86]
• 1996 onwards, Restoration of the Siq and rehabilitation of the Siq flooring by the Petra National Trust foundet past the Jordanian-Swiss counterpart Fund, the Swiss Agency for Evolution and the World Monuments Fund.^[87]
• 2001 Restoration of the altar in front end of the Casr Bint Firaun by UNESCO
• 2003 Evolution of a conservation and maintenance plan of the ancient drainage systems to protect the rock-cut facades^[81]
• 2003–2017 Evaluation of desalination and restoration at the tomb facades^[88]
• 2006–2010 Preservation and consolidation of the Wall Paintings in Siq al Barid by the Petra National Trust in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities of Hashemite kingdom of jordan and the Courtauld Constitute of Art (London).
• 2009 onwards, renewed endeavor to preserve and rehabilitate the Winged Lions Temple by The Temple of the Winged Lions Cultural Direction (TWLCRM) Initiative, the Petra Archaeological Park (PAP) and the Section of Antiquities of Jordan
• 2016–2019 Characterisation and Conservation of Paintings on Walls and Sculpture from Nabataean Petra "The Petra Painting Conservation Project (PPCP)",^[89] funded by the German Research Foundation (Project number 285789434).^[ninety]

Tourism [edit]

About visitors stay in Petra boondocks's many international-standard hotels with reasonably-short walking access to Petra. There are also more traditional homestays and lodgings available, even the chance to stay in a cavern.^[91] Visitors sometimes include those who have hiked or raced across Jordan's southern deserts to get to Petra.

In popular culture [edit]

Literature [edit]

• In 1845, British poet John William Burgon won Oxford University'due south Newdigate Prize for his poem "Petra", containing the famous clarification "...a rose-ruddy metropolis half as quondam every bit fourth dimension".
• Petra appeared in the novels Left Backside Serial; Appointment with Expiry; The Eagle in the Sand; The Scarlet Sea Sharks, the nineteenth book in The Adventures of Tintin serial; and in Kingsbury's The Moon Goddess and the Son. Information technology played a prominent role in the Marcus Didius Falco mystery novel Last Deed in Palmyra, and is the setting for Agatha Christie's Appointment With Decease. In Blue Balliett's novel, Chasing Vermeer, the graphic symbol Petra Andalee is named subsequently the site.^[92]
• In 1979 Marguerite van Geldermalsen from New Zealand married Mohammed Abdullah, a Bedouin in Petra.^[93] They lived in a cave in Petra until the death of her husband. She authored the book Married to a Bedouin. Van Geldermalsen is the only western woman who has ever lived in a Petra cave.
• An Englishwoman, Joan Ward, wrote Living With Arabs: Nine Years with the Petra Bedouin ^[94] documenting her experiences while living in Umm Sayhoun with the Petra Bedouin, covering the period 2004–2013.

Plays [edit]

• The playwright John Yarbrough'south tragicomedy, Petra,^[95] debuted at the Manhattan Repertory Theatre in 2014^[96] and was followed by award-winning performances at the Hudson Gild in New York in 2015.^[97] It was selected for the All-time American Short Plays 2014-2015 anthology.^[98]

• A playable map based on Petra was added to Overwatch in 2018, featuring a recreation of Al-Khazneh.^[99]

Films [edit]

• The site appeared in films such as Indiana Jones and the Final Crusade, Arabian Nights, Passion in the Desert, Mortal Kombat: Anything, Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger, The Mummy Returns, Krrish 3, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, Samsara and Kajraare.^[100]

Idiot box [edit]

• Petra appeared in episode 20 of Misaeng.^{[101] [102]}
• Petra appeared in an episode of Time Scanners, fabricated for National Geographic, where half-dozen ancient structures were laser scanned, with the results congenital into 3D models.^[103] Examining the model of Petra revealed insights into how the structure was built.^[104]
• Petra was the focus of an American PBS Nova special, "Petra: Lost City of Rock",^[105] which premiered in the Us and Europe in February 2015.
• Petra is central to Netflix'south get-go Arabic original serial Jinn, which is a young adult supernatural drama nigh the djinn in the ancient metropolis of Petra. They must endeavor and stop the demons from destroying the world. The prove is shot in Hashemite kingdom of jordan and has 5 episodes.^[106]

Music and musical videos [edit]

• Six months after a deadly hike by two Israelis in 1958, Haim Hefer wrote the lyrics for a carol chosen Ha-Sela ha-Adom ("The Red Rock")^[107]
• In 1977, the Lebanese Rahbani brothers wrote the musical Petra as a response to the Lebanese Civil War.^[108]
• The Sisters of Mercy filmed their music video for "Rule/Female parent Russia" in and around Al-Khazneh ("The Treasury") in February 1988.^[109]
• In 1994, Petra appeared in the video for the Urban Species single "Spiritual Love".^[110]

3D documentation [edit]

Some of the structures in the Petra Archaeological Park were spatially documented by the Zamani Project and are visible on the maDIH repository.^[111]

Gallery [edit]

• 

  Siq, rays of light

• 

  Ad Deir close-up

• 

  The Obelisk Tomb

• 

  The Hadrian Gate also known as the Temenos Gate

• 

  The Garden Temple

• 

  The Colored Triclinium

• 

• 

  The Urn Tomb

• 

  Rock graves

• 

  Petra Monastery Trail

• 

  Street of Facades

• 

• 

  Cliffs near Petra, View over Wadi Arabah

Run into also [edit]

• List of colossal sculpture in situ
• Listing of modern names for biblical place names
• Mada'in Saleh
• Negev incense route
• UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists

Petra monuments, findings, and nearby related sites (see also "Petra" category beneath)

• Beidha (archaeological site), nearby site, best known for Neolithic and Early Muslim menses findings
• Ridge Church, the oldest church building building in Petra
• Tomb of the Roman Soldier, funerary complex in a side valley
• Petra papyri

References [edit]

Notes

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4. ^ ^{a b c} Shaddel, Mehdy (2017-x-01). "Studia Onomastica Coranica: AL-Raqīm, Head Nabataeae*". Periodical of Semitic Studies. 62 (2): 303–318. doi:10.1093/jss/fgx022. ISSN 0022-4480. Archived from the original on 2020-12-08. Retrieved 2020-12-08 .
5. ^ ^{a b c d east f thousand h i j} I or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Cooke, George Albert (1911). "Petra". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Printing. pp. 309–310.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} "A Short History". Petra National Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 13 Feb 2014.
7. ^ ^{a b} Taylor, Jane (2001). Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans. London: I.B.Tauris. pp. 14, 17, 30, 31. ISBN9781860645082. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
8. ^ Mati Milstein. "Petra. The "Lost City" still has secrets to reveal: Thousands of years agone, the at present-abased city of Petra was thriving". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
9. ^ Jack D. Elliott, Jr. (1996). Joe D. Seger (ed.). The Nabatean Synthesis of Avraham Negev: A Critical Appraisement. Retrieving the By: Essays on Archaeological Research and Methodology in Honor of Gus W. Van Beek. Eisenbrauns. p. 56. ISBN9781575060125. Archived from the original on xiv June 2020. Retrieved 27 Dec 2019.
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Bibliography

• Bedal, Leigh-Ann (2004). The Petra Pool-Circuitous: A Hellenistic Paradeisos in the Nabataean Capital. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN978-1-59333-120-vii.
• Brown University. "The Petra Great Temple; History" Accessed April nineteen, 2013.
• Glueck, Nelson (1959). Rivers in the Desert: A History of the Negev. New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy/London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
• Harty, Rosemary. "The Bedouin Tribes of Petra Photographs: 1986–2003". Retrieved 2008-07-17 .
• Hill, John E. (2004). The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 : A Tertiary Century Chinese Account Equanimous between 239 and 265 CE. Typhoon annotated English translation where Petra is referred to equally the Kingdom of Sifu.
• McKenzie, Judith (1990). The Architecture of Petra. (Oxford University Press)
• Mouton, Michael and Schmid, Stephen G. (2013) "Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra"
• Paradise, T. R. (2011). "Architecture and Deterioration in Petra: Bug, trends and warnings" in Archaeological Heritage at Petra: Drive to Development or Destruction?" (Doug Comer, editor), ICOMOS-ICAHM Publications through Springer-Verlag NYC: 87–119.
• Paradise, T. R. (2005). "Weathering of sandstone architecture in Petra, Jordan: influences and rates" in GSA Special Paper 390: Stone Decay in the Architectural Environment: 39–49.
• Paradise, T. R. and Angel, C. C. (2015). Nabataean Architecture and the Sun: A landmark discovery using GIS in Petra, Jordan. ArcUser Journal, Winter 2015: 16-19pp.
• Reid, Sara Karz (2006). The Pocket-sized Temple. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN978-1-59333-339-iii. Reid explores the nature of the small temple at Petra and concludes information technology is from the Roman era.
• UNESCO Earth Heritage Centre. "Petra" Accessed Apr 19, 2013.

External links [edit]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Petra .

• Petra Travel Pplanning information
• Petra Jordan
• Petra Archaeological Park
• Video overview of Petra
• "Petra In The Early 1800s", YouTube
• University of Arkansas Petra Project Archived 2017-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
• Open Context, "Petra Great Temple Excavations (Archaeological Data)", Open Context publication of archaeological data from the 1993–2006 Brown Academy excavations at the Cracking Temple of Petra, Jordan
• Petra iconicarchive, photo gallery
• Petra History and Photo Gallery, history with maps. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
• Parker, S., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, Due south. Gillies, S. Gillies, J. Becker. "Places: 697725 (Petra)", Pleiades. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
• Pictures of Petra
• NEW MUSEUM OF PETRA
• Almost 800 pictures with captions, some panoramas
• Jordanian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities

dorfmanfirents.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra

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